AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS DO NOT ECONOMICALLY DISPLACE FOSSIL FUEL BTUs IN COLD CLIMATES

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS DO NOT ECONOMICALLY DISPLACE FOSSIL FUEL BTUs IN COLD CLIMATES

This article should be read by the Vermont Environment and Energy Committee and all Vermont legislators, so they understand the short-comings of HPs at low temperatures, when operated in houses, other than highly sealed and highly insulated houses.

Air source HPs will not economically displace anywhere near 100% of fossil Btu in existing Vermont buildings, weatherized or not.

The Vermont clean heating standard, CHS, modified or not, is deeply flawed. It is putting the horse behind the cart, because they are blinded by generous subsidies for HPs.

Based on my many years of energy systems analysis experience, I claim, the average Vermont house is totally unsuitable for HPs.

It is down-right criminal for New England governments to cajole/browbeat/scare/force people to install HPs in such houses

- The annual energy cost savings were, on average, $200/y, but the annual maintenance, and annual amortizing costs (at 5.5%/y for 15 years) would turn that gain into a loss of at least $500/y.

- On average, the HPs provided 27.6% of the annual space heat, and traditional fuels provided 72.4%. These numbers are directly from the survey data. The small percentage of displaced fossil fuel heat indicates HPs would not be effective CO2 reducers in the cold climate of Vermont, if used in average VT houses.

- Owners started to turn off their HPs at about 28F to 30F, because their past experience showed significant increases in electricity bills, if they had not turned them off.

- Very few owners were using their HPs at 10F and below, as shown by the decreasing kWh consumption totals on figure 14 of URL.

- At those temperatures, the hourly cost of operating HPs exceeded the hourly cost of using a traditional heating system.

- This statement is true for average Vermont houses, which comprise about 90% of the Vermont housing stock.

1) To outdoor unit (compressor, outdoor fan, controls) + indoor air handling unit (fan and supplemental electric heater, if used), to provide space heat 1,880 kWh

2) Standby mode 76 kWh, or 100 x 76/2085 = 3.6%. The HP cycles to “heat on” to “heat off”, but the fan keeps running

3) Defrost mode 129 kWh, or 100 x 129/2085 = 6.2%. Defrost starts at about 37F and ends at about 10F.

The HP overhead was (2085 – 205)/1880 = 10.9%, i.e., 10.9% more electricity was fed to the HP than was converted to space heat.

- Turnkey cost for a one-head HP system is about $4,500 (2017 pricing); almost all surveyed houses had just one HP, which would be far from sufficient to heat an entire house. See URLs.

CADMUS, an energy consultant hired by the Vermont Department of Public Service in 2017, performed a survey of 77 HPs at 65 sites, in Vermont. See URL of CADMUS report

VT-DPS was advised by the Vermont Legislature to obtain an “independent” study, because many people with HPs had complained, they did not get anywhere near the annual energy cost savings stated on websites, etc., of GMP, BED, VPIRG, VT-DPS, EAN, EFFICIENCY VERMONT, etc.,

NOTE: The CADMUS report was written in such a confusing way, the average Vermonter, including almost all legislators, would not be informed by it, and would be more confused by it, unless they had a mechanical engineering degree, with applicable experience.

Figure 14 in the CADMUS report shows, the measured total electricity consumption, kWh, of all HPs was 8 kWh at 66F, then increases to a maximum of 97 kWh at 28F, then decreases to about 5 kWh at -12F. That kWh includes about

Whereas the building heating load was increasing, because it was getting colder, the measured electricity to the HPs was decreasing!!

That decrease could only happen, if Vermonters turned off their HPs, to save on electricity costs.

Instead, they used their less-costly-to-operate traditional heating systems, such as oil, gas, propane and wood stoves.

Vermonters operate their HPs mostly above 28F, which yields an average coefficient of performance, COP, of about 3.0. See figure 14

HP proponents brag Vermonters get about 3.0 x 3412 = 10,200 Btu/kWh of electricity.

However, proponents do not mention, if Vermonters had operated their HPs below 28F, the COP would become less and less

Vermonters would get only 2.0 x 3412 = 6,824 Btu/kWh of electricity at 10F, or 1.6 x 3412 = 5,460 Btu/kWh at 0F

The lower COPs occur while the building heating load is increasing, i.e., it is very expensive to operate an HP at low temperatures.

CADMUS used a decades-old, standard, HVAC computer program that takes the hourly temperature history of one heating season (or averages, say 5 years of heating seasons).

The computer program allocates the frequency and duration of temperatures to two-degree temperature intervals, also called “bins”.

The space heat to a site is calculated for each two-degree bin, say 32 F – 34 F; 34 F – 36 F; 36 F – 38 F, etc.
The total space heat to a site is obtained by adding the space heats for all two-degree bins.

The computer program calculated the following values, as stated in the CADMUS report:

- Space heat to a site was 92 million Btu, of which 25.35 million from HPs (27.6%), and 66.65 million from other fuels (72.4%)
- Space heat to all sites was 65 sites x 92 million Btu/site = 5,980 million Btu. See CADMUS URL, page 22
- Space heat from HPs was 77 HPs x 21.4 million Btu/HP = 1,648 million Btu. See CADMUS URL, page 21
- Traditional systems provided 5980 – 1648 = 4,332 million Btu, or 4332/5980 = 72.4% of the total space heat.
- HPs provided only 100 – 72.4 = 27.6% of the total space heat for an average Vermont house. See table

- Heating season average COP = 21400000 Btu/HP x 1/2085 kWh x 1 kWh/3412 Btu = 3.0

The energy cost savings averaged about $200/y, instead of the $1,200/y to $1,800/y grabbed out of the air by GMP, VT-DPS, VPIRG, etc.

After the CADMUS report, those overblown estimates disappeared from their websites. See URLs.

I have three Mitsubishi HPs, with 6 heads ($24,000 – $2,400 subsidy from GMP) in my well-insulated/sealed house.
I displace only 35% of my propane Btus, based on MEASURED consumption data during 3 years.

I do not use my HPs below 15F, because they cost more PER HOUR than my efficient propane furnace.

NOTE: Due to recent increases of propane prices, I will operate my HPs down to about 10F to 15F (depending on wind conditions and passive solar gain), which means, I will:

Heavily subsidized businesses selling/installing/servicing HPs, etc., will be collecting hundreds of $millions each year over the decades, while already-struggling, over-regulated, over-taxed Vermonters will be further screwed out of a decent standard of living.

HP boosters Sens. Bray, McDonald, etc., know about those dreadful HP results in Vermont, and yet they continue shilling for HPs.

All these expensive Vermont GWSA efforts will be having ZERO IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING.

Vermont needs an enforced building code for all new and deeply retrofitted buildings. The code would include R-40 walls, R-60 roofs, R-20 basements, R-10 doors, R-7 triple-pane windows, air-to-air heat recovery systems, highly sealed and highly insulated, and arranged for high levels of passive solar.

With ground source HPs, they would yield a much better CO2 reduction than is possible with air source HPs.

To achieve significant reductions of annual energy use by buildings for heating, cooling and electricity, you have to:

1) First build buildings, or deeply retrofit buildings, according to the above proposed building code; “weatherizing” is just a band-aid

2) Then you install ground source HPs, to economically displace 100% of fossil fuels.

Ground source HPs are efficient on a year-round basis, even when it is minus 30F outside.

My brother, living about one hour north of Oslo, Norway, has ground source HPs in his house.

Their electric grid has a very low CO2/kWh, because of nuclear, hydro and wind (mostly Denmark)

Vermont Governor Scott talking about “leaning towards approval of a modified CHS” is unwise.

HPS ARE MONEY LOSERS IN MY VERMONT HOUSE, AS THEY ARE IN ALMOST ALL NEW ENGLAND HOUSES

By the way, all of this, including rolling blackouts at ZUB-ZERO temperatures, and a lack of gas and oil for space heating, applies to New England, if:

1) New York State keeps obstructing new gas pipelines from Pennsylvania to New England; THIS SHOULD BE LEGALLY FORBIDDEN AS AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL INTERFERENCE OF INTER-STATE COMMERCE, and

2) The New England oil, gas and coal storage capacities near power plants are not increased by at least 100% to ensure RELIABLE ELECTRICAL SERVICE IN WINTER, WHICH WOULD BE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT, IF UNCERTAIN, MOTHER-NATURE, WEATHER-DEPENDENT WIND AND SOLAR WERE FURTHER EXPANDED, AS THE US AIMS TO BLINDLY COPY THAT DISASTROUS EUROPEAN SCENARIO

ISO-NE REPORT OF 2021 ECONOMIC STUDY: FUTURE GRID RELIABILITY STUDY PHASE 1

https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2022/07/2021_economi...

DEEP DIVE SUMMARY OF THE ISO-NE REPORT

https://www.utilitydive.com/news/new-england-future-grid-study-iso/...

LIFE WITHOUT OIL

Life without oil means many products that are made with oil, such as the hundreds listed below, would need to be provided by wind and solar and hydro.

Folks, including Biden's attendants, wanting to get rid of fossil fuels, such as crude oil, better start doing some rethinking.

The above also applies to natural gas, which is much preferred by many industries

If you do not have abundant low-cost energy, you cannot have modern industrial economies.

APPENDIX 1

These articles contain significant information regarding wind, solar and grid-scale battery systems

GRID-SCALE BATTERY SYSTEMS IN NEW ENGLAND TO COUNTERACT SHORTFALL OF ONE-DAY WIND/SOLAR LULL

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/grid-scale-battery-sys...

COLD WEATHER OPERATION IN NEW ENGLAND DECEMBER 24, 2017 TO JANUARY 8, 2018

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cold-weather-operation...

ANALYSIS OF WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY LULLS AND ENERGY STORAGE IN GERMANY

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/wind-and-solar-energy-...

IRELAND FUEL AND CO2 REDUCTIONS DUE TO WIND ENERGY LESS THAN CLAIMED

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/fuel-and-co2-reduction...

BATTERY SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS, OPERATING COSTS, ENERGY LOSSES, AND AGING

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/battery-system-capital...

HIGH COSTS OF WIND, SOLAR, AND BATTERY SYSTEMS IN US NORTHEAST

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

APPENDIX 2

These articles explain a lot about the world-wide “Climate Crisis” scam, based on highly compromised surface station measurements, which typically read HIGH.

Climate scientists SUBJECTIVELY adjust the readings for use in their SUBJECTIVE computerized-temperature-calculation programs, which are used in the reports of IPCC, etc., for scare-mongering purposes.

New Surface Stations Report Released – It’s ‘worse than we thought’

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/new-surface-stations-r...

Weather- Just how does it happen?

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/weather-just-how-does-...

A summary of the results of three “Physics of the Earth’s Atmosphere” papers, which were submitted for peer review at the Open Peer Review Journal.

https://globalwarmingsolved.com/2013/11/19/summary-the-physics-of-t...

APPENDIX 3

Satellites and balloons measure temperatures of the Troposphere, which starts at ground level, and has an average height of 59,000 ft at the tropics, 56,000 ft at the middle latitudes, and 20,000 ft at the poles. Above those levels starts the Stratosphere.

Balloons directly measure temperatures. Satellites measure radiation, from which temperatures are calculated.

Both consistently measure much lower temperatures than the average of 102 computer-generated graphs.

See Appendix 2 and 3

The data in the below images is for a 43-y period.

There is global warming, but it is not anywhere near as much as scare-mongers are claiming.

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/grid-scale-battery-sys...

1) Objective satellite and balloon temperatures increased from 0.00 to 0.5 C, or, or 0.116 C/decade

2) Subjective computer-generated temperatures increased from 0.00 to 1.20 C; or 0.28 C/decade, about 2.7 TIMES AS FAST

The temperature data by satellites and balloons are more accurate than land-based measurements.

See Appendix 2 and URL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAH_satellite_temperature_dataset

Satellite measurements are made many times during every day and systematically cover almost the entire world; +/- 85-degree latitude.

The satellite data is vastly more complete, and accurate than would be gathered by ground stations. (See Appendix 2)

Balloon measurements, made on a sampling basis, are vastly less complete than satellite measurements, but they serve as a useful crosscheck on the satellite measurements.

NOTE: Behind the 102 computer graphs are hundreds of organizations that likely receive a significant part of their revenues from governments and subsidy-receiving wind, solar, battery, etc., businesses.

The livelihood and career prospects of the people creating these graphs is more secure, if they aim high, rather than low.

https://www.scienceunderattack.com/blog/2021/2/22/latest-computer-c...

A more detailed view of satellite temperatures.

APPENDIX 4

Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) and also a member of the CO2 Coalition. Sheahen and the Coalition are collaborating on a brief.

SEPP’s October 8 newsletter contains a summary of a major 2021 paper by Happer and co-author William van Wijngaarden that completely undermines the fake “science” the IPCC and EPA used to support the case of climate alarm.

Sheahen specifically discusses the efforts of Professors William van Wijngaarden and William Happer in their pioneering work in calculating the real-world Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) of the five most common Green-House Gases (GHGs).

Sheahan explains why the approach used by IPCC is faulty, but nonetheless used by its followers, such as the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the EPA.

These faulty methods lead to great exaggeration of the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide, methane, and other minor greenhouse gases. . . .

Sheahan shows the stunning agreement between the calculations of van Wijngaarden and Happer (W & H) with satellite measurements (and balloon measurements) of outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the earth to space . . .

Sheahan claims, because of the exceptionally good agreement between observational data and the calculations of W & H, we can conclude the W&H model has been validated.

The W&H model embodies the scientific method.

In that case, it is reasonable to use it to study other hypothetical cases.

It is not possible to do so with IPCC models, which have never achieved agreement with observations. . .

See Appendix 3

The gist of the H&W work is the greenhouse effect of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost entirely saturated, such that any additional CO2 can have almost no additional warming effect.

Here is a chart prepared by Sheahan to illustrate the H&W results.

As atmospheric CO2 increases, say from 380 to 420 ppm, it has less warming effect.

The most warming effect occurs at very low levels of CO2, say 20 to 60 ppm.

APPENDIX 5

A timely and important new paper has just been uploaded to the CO2 Coalition website on nitrogen.

The first half of the paper on the greenhouse warming effect of N2O is quite technical

It is summarized in the first link.

Link to the full paper is at the bottom. Please distribute widely.

Authors: Will Happer, C. A. de Lange, William Wijngaarden and J.D. Ferguson

Nitrous Oxide and Climate – Why restricting N2O emissions is unnece...

Nitrous oxide (N₂0) has now joined carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) in the pantheon of “human-generated demon” gases.
GW scare-mongers view increasing concentrations of these molecules are leading to unusual and unprecedented GW, which will lead to catastrophic consequences for both our ecosystems and humanity.

Countries around the world are in the process of greatly reducing, or eliminating, the use of nitrogen fertilizers, based on heretofore poorly understood properties of nitrous oxide.

Reductions of N₂O emissions of 40 to 45 percent are being proposed in Canada , and by up to 50 percent in the Netherlands .

Sri Lanka’s complete ban on fertilizer in 2021 led to the total collapse of their primarily agricultural economy.

The CO2 Coalition has published this paper, which evaluates the GW effect of the N20 and its role in the nitrogen cycle.

Policymakers can now proceed to make informed decisions about the costs and benefits of mandated N20 reductions of this beneficial molecule.

This new paper joins previous CO2 Coalition reports on other greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane.

Key takeaways from the paper:

At current rates, a doubling of N₂O would occur in more than 400 years.
Atmospheric warming by N₂O is estimated to be 0.064 C per century.
Increasing crop production requires continued application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer to feed a growing population.

Download the entire PDF Nitrous Oxide

It is dangerous to be correct in matters, where established men are wrong, by Voltaire

Comment by Willem Post on January 11, 2023 at 11:54am: Art Bridges

MY OWN EXPERIENCE

I have three HPs ($24,000 – $2,400 subsidy from GMP) in my well-insulated/sealed house.
I displace only 35% of my propane Btus, based on MEASURED consumption data during 3 years.

I do not use my HPs below 15F, because they are less efficient PER HOUR than my efficient propane furnace.

I save about $200/y in energy costs, but if I amortize the cost of the HPs over 15 years, I lose about $2,000/y

Comment by Willem Post on May 25, 2022 at 1:57pm

It is well-known, tele-marketers purchase lists of names of people who buy certain goods, such as certain types of clothes, and sell the lists to other companies who sell similar clothes, who then send THEIR catalogs to YOUR house.

It is well-known, law-enforcement and intelligence agencies geo-track record mobile phone conversations and mobile phone movements, to nab criminals and terrorists.

There are companies that collect geo-tracking data and sell the data.

Telemarketers, or anybody, can purchase the data of each person's mobile phone.

The data provides detailed information regarding where YOUR phone, or tens of thousands of phones, travelled over a chosen period of time, and how long the phones stayed at each location.

A video was prepared, with input from a private geo-tracking company, which used the geo-tracking data of at least 2,000 MULES, in five swing states, during the 2020 Election

https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/05/bombshell-video-shows-woma...

People, called MULES, were used to pick up PREPARED ballots at ballot preparation centers, run by “non-profits”, financed by folks such as Zuckerberg of Facebook and Soros, of Hungary, and deliver the ballots (mostly late at night) to various DROP BOXES, around the clock, as recorded on videos.

The drop boxes have video cameras, as required by law, that are far enough away, so no one could make out much details.

Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, donated about $400 million from his own wealth to finance the installation of drop boxes all over the US, and especially in the swing states.

Click to download the video to watch the details.

The first part of the video are clips from 2020 television news shows, and talking heads. You can skip those and fast forward to watch an explanation by geo-tracking experts regarding how the data was gathered and processed.

Click to Download

2000Mules.mp4

0 bytes

It was found, after a lot of data filtering analysis:

On a typical day, a MULE visits multiple ballot preparation centers to pick up prepared ballots, and delivers them to many drop boxes, in small batches, about 3 to 10 ballots per drop box, to avoid stuffing suspicions. The slots are narrow, so only one ballot can be fed at a time.

Sometimes Mules take a picture of the drop box and/or ballots, to prove the ballots were delivered, and to get paid up to $20/ballot.

The filtering criteria of a MULE “delivery trip” are to:

1) Visit at least 10 drop boxes, as shown on videos.

2) Deposit at least 5 ballots/drop box, as shown on videos.

Many mules often visited 50, 60, 70 drop boxes on a "delivery route"

They were instructed not to deposit more than 10 ballots, to avoid stuffing suspicions.

The data analysts used 4 MILLION minutes of videos at drop boxes, in all US states.

It turns out some drop boxes had no video cameras, or had video cameras, but they were turned off, in violation of the law.

The table shows, in Michigan, a swing state, there were 500 MULES, who each visited an average of 50 drop boxes, and deposited an average of 5 ballots per drop box, as recorded on videos at drop boxes.

All five swing states were credited to Biden, but the drop box totals exceeded Biden’s margin, i.e., all five states should have been credited to Trump, which would have re-elected him.

Remember, there must have been major panic, because, all five states stopped the counting at about 10 pm on Election Night, because Trump was just too far ahead of Biden.

Obviously, the drop box deliveries before the election had not been enough.

ADDITIONAL deliveries, by van during early morning hours, after the election, in Detroit, on video, or double counting, by pre-selected Democrat operatives, in Georgia, on video, was required to get Biden “elected”

	Mules	Drop box	Ballot/drop box	Total
Michigan	500	50	5	125000
Wisconsin	100	28	5	14000
Georgia	250	24	5	30000
Arizona	200	20	5	20000
Philadelphia	1100	50	5	275000
	2150			464000

Elections in Europe

In Germany, 85 million people, and France 75 million people, there are

No drop boxes

No mail-in ballots

No ballot harvesting

No early voting

Every CITIZEN has a personal identity card with a unique number

The cards of non-citizens are identical, but have a different color; THEY DO NO VOTE

A passport, which has the same bio information, can be used instead of an identity card

The passports of non-citizens have a different color

The identity cards and passports are very difficult to forge.

Your address on the card determines your location to vote

There are NO REGISTERED VOTER LISTS

No machines and computers are used, by LAW

All ballots are hand counted

The count takes about 2 to 3 days to complete, as was demonstrated in Franc a few weeks ago.

The above should be the US national standard for all elections, including state and local elections

Comment by Willem Post on May 24, 2022 at 8:03am: Art,

Your heating season hours are much less than total hours in a year, so if 200 heating season hours are between +5 and -20 F, then your Rinnai has to work pretty hard during these hours when heating demand is highest.

I assume your heat pump is turned off at 15 F, because below those temperatures, your heat pump would be inefficient, compared to your Rinnai

I would like to see your calculations that indicate the heat pump pays for itself in three years.

If the turnkey cost was about $4,500, your energy cost savings would have to be $1,500/y, which is not possible, according to the CADMUS survey.

How much did it cost to install the heat pump?

What is the capacity in Btu/h, at 47F?

How much did it cost to install the Rennai unit?

What is the capacity in Btu/h?

How much of your house is heated by the heat pump?

Do you use other propane heaters in addition to the Rinnai unit?

What was propane consumption, gallon, for space heating, before heat pump?

What was propane consumption, gallon, for space heating, after heat pump?

What was electricity consumption increase, due to heat pump?

Comment by Willem Post on May 21, 2022 at 9:28am: Please read

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2022/05/20/what-is-the-full-cost/

Always remember, the more installed MW of wind, solar and batteries, etc., per household, the higher the household electric rates, as proven by Denmark and Germany, the poster children of energy system insanity.

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/battery-system-capital...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

This has been known and written about for about 15 years.

This article introduces a lot of complex concepts that most people would not understand, unless they had engineering degrees and MBAs.

Luckily, figure 2 comes to the rescue

Figure 2 clearly shows, Germany’s ENEGIEWENDE has been a miserable failure, despite 20 years of hype.

It has been extremely costly to German households and the German economy, i.e., the FCOE has been very high.

The authors should have estimated the German FCOE as a methodology example for other countries. It would have greatly improved their article.

A Future with Energy Prices Tied to Gold

Germans, and all of Europe, have been living in la-la-land, due to plentiful, low-cost oil, gas and coal from Russia, at extremely low prices, i.e., the FCOE of ANY ADDITIONAL ENERGIEWENDE is about to significantly increase RIGHT NOW.

The US idea of “Russia must not be allowed to win” is easy to say for the energy-sufficient US

It is total BS for energy/other-resource-starved Europe.

The US can afford to use corrupt, dysfunctional, oligarchic Ukraine, as a proxy to "weaken Russia"

Europe cannot.

Europe will have a much higher FCOE, and will be at a significant competitive disadvantage vs the rest of the world, going forward.

China and India are increasing their consumption of coal, oil and gas, regardless of whatever COP.

Russia is supplying most of those increases.

China is planning to expand BRISC with more members, as a counterweight to the US/EU

Comment by Art Brigades on May 18, 2022 at 9:17am: I love my heat pump because it works great in central Maine. Maybe it's colder in Vermont. Yes, it needs backup from my Rennai (propane) heater on really cold days, but it will pay for itself after three years. Heat pumps don’t perform well at sub zero but when you take all the hours in a year when the temp is +5 degrees down to -20 degrees it is only about 200 hours/year or about 3% of the total hours in a year. So while my heat pump isn't perfect, it's pretty darn good. If Vermont politicians want to consider heat pumps as some perfect/panacea/miracle, they'll eventually learn they were a little bit wrong.

Table 4/Space heat, per CADMUS		Sites	Million Btu/site	Million Btu	%
Heat to sites		65	92.00	5,980		URL, page 22
		ASHPs	Million Btu/ASHP
Heat from ASHPs	1648/5980	77	21.40	1,648	27.6	URL, page 21
Heat from traditional	4332/5980			4,332	72.4
.
			Million Btu/site		%
Heat from ASHPs, on average	1648/65		25.35		27.6
Heat from traditional, on average	92.00 – 25.35 = 66.65		66.65		72.4
			92.00

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS DO NOT ECONOMICALLY DISPLACE FOSSIL FUEL BTUs IN COLD CLIMATES

You need to be a member of Citizens' Task Force on Wind Power - Maine to add comments!

Hannah Pingree on the Maine expedited wind law