PLAYING RUSSIAN ROULETTE WITH RELIABLE ELECTRICITY SERVICE IN NEW ENGLAND

New England experienced an unusual cold spell from December 24, 2017 – January 8, 2018

The image was created by the New England electric system operator, ISO-NE.

  

Fuel Shifts During the Cold Period

 

Fuel oil consumption increased, almost instantaneously, from a normal annual average of about 0.3%, to an abnormal average of about 27%, of NE-generated electricity fed into the NE grid

Coal consumption increased from 2% to 6%

Gas consumption decreased from 46% to 24%, because gas was shifted to building space heating systems.

The next set of images were created by Warren Van Wijck, Ferrisburgh, Vermont

 

Link to Interactive page

The electricity sources, on the left side, can be clicked to display how the fuels stack up. 
Interactive display of Fuel Usage and Demand during Arctic Freeze

Conditions on January 7, 2018

 

NE combined-cycle, gas-turbine plants can fire oil or natural gas.

If natural gas is in short supply for political reasons, oil generation, which has higher CO2/kWh, has to come to the rescue

Oil generation increasing from a normal of about 1,000 MWh/d (thin grey line) to a maximum of 129,912

MWh, equivalent to about 100 x 129,912/430,000 = 30.1% of the system load!!

 

Wind and solar made minor contributions to the 430,000 MWh grid load.

 

Wind production was 13,591 MWh from 1,300 MW of wind turbines connected to the NE grid, at a capacity factor of 13,591 MWh/(1,300 MW x 24 h) = 0.436, i.e., a high capacity factor means favorable onshore winds.  See URL

 

Solar production was a minuscule 1,235 MWh

https://nawindpower.com/report-how-new-england-is-moving-toward-cle...

 

Misplaced Priorities of Government Bureaucrats

 

1) Caused at least several million ton of additional CO2 emissions,

 

2) Would have been at least 50% less, if almost all buildings had been zero-net-energy, i.e., highly sealed and highly insulated, with high-efficiency space heating systems.

 

The governments of Connecticut and Massachusetts should have implemented energy efficiency measures several decades ago.

However, the career, renewable energy bureaucrats in those governments had sexier measures in mind.

 

They had been contacted, and wined and dined, and taken on sales trips, by the sales forces of European companies, for several years.

Those companies had been implementing about 25,000 MW of offshore wind turbine systems in Europe, during the past 40 years.

The virtues of offshore wind systems were played up, the drawbacks were hidden/not mentioned, as is the normal practice.

 

RE bureaucrats perceived an RE panacea. A “popular” groundswell was artificially created, with help of:

 

1) The gullible/non-technical media, always eager to use sensational news to sell newspapers, magazines, TV shows, etc.

 

2) Wall Street’s financial services firms, which would create many MULTI-BIILION-DOLLAR tax shelters, for high-income multi-millionaires, for decades. See Note.

 

As a result, career RE bureaucrats in various NE states have banded together to celebrate the building of highly subsidized, very expensive, offshore wind systems, that would produce expensive electricity at about 2 to 3 times the NE average wholesale price of about 5 c/kWh. See Appendix

 

That 5 c/kWh price has been constant starting in 2009, already for 12 years, courtesy of the NE dual-fuel gas plants and nuclear plants, that reliably, and efficiently, produce steady, low-CO2, low-cost electricity, at less than 5 c/kWh.

Both sources represented about 42.6% (gas) and 21.9% (nuclear) of the annual electricity loaded onto the NE grid in 2020.

https://www.iso-ne.com/about/key-stats/resource-mix/

This Article Sums up Most of the Follies NE Electricity Supply

 

New England is an Energy Crisis Waiting to Happen

https://doomberg.substack.com/p/new-england-is-an-energy-crisis-wai...

NOTE: In 2021, the federal government proposed to subsidize the installation of 30,000 MW of offshore wind systems by 2030, just 8 years from now, which is a total impossibility, because the EU managed to install only 25,000 MW of offshore wind turbines from 1991 to 2020, or 39 years. See URLs

 

https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Denmar...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/having-fun-watching-wi...

 

NOTE:

Warren Buffett Quote: "I will do anything that is basically covered by the law to reduce Berkshire's tax rate," Buffet told an audience in Omaha, Nebraska recently. "For example, on wind energy, we get a tax credit if we build a lot of wind farms. That's the only reason to build them. They don't make sense without the tax credit." 

https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/nancy-pfotenhauer/2014/05/12/e...

 

Obstructions by RE Folks: Pennsylvania is blessed with an abundant supply of gas, but the infamous Governor Cuomo, of NY, to polish his "climate-change-fighting” credentials, has been obstructing, the much needed, extension/augmentation of the gas pipe lines that are needed to provide reliable electricity service to New England. 

 

Various RE entities, in Connecticut and Massachusetts, were his allies. They have been obstructing, the much needed, augmentation of gas and oil storage capacities.

 

BTW, similar tactics had been used by such RE folks in California, which resulted in major havoc and blackouts, during a US southwest heat wave, i.e., no air conditioning with 115 F temperatures!!

 

As a result of these RE tactics, the NE dual-fuel gas plants, that reliably, and efficiently, produce steady, low-CO2, low-cost electricity (at about 5 c/kWh), did not have enough gas during the cold spell (temperatures were in single digits for 8 days, and as low as 4.2F), because much of the Pennsylvania gas supply was diverted for building heating in Boston and other cities.

 

Those dual-fuel plants were forced to use much more expensive oil, which is much "dirtier" than gas, i.e., it has much more particulate/kWh than gas, and much more CO2/kWh than gas.

 

Rolling black-outs, and 100% black-outs, were imminent, because the stored oil supply was almost used up towards the end of the cold spell.

Millions of people would have been freezing their butts off, in the dark, with leaking pipes.

Note the large amount of oil generation (grey area) from Dec. 26 to Jan. 9

Note the cold spell temperatures (thin line) from Dec. 26 to Jan. 9

 

RE folk obstructions:

 

- Required additional capital costs for 1) converting gas plants to dual fuel, 2) expanding oil and gas storage systems

- Worsened global warming by having 1) more particulate/kWh, 2) more CO2 per kWh

 

Bitter Fruits of RE-folk “Successes”: If RE folks had been successful to ban “dirty” oil, it would have taken the addition of 9,000 MW of offshore wind turbines, connected to the NE grid, to produce the same quantity of electricity, as was produced by oil, i.e., 9,000 MW x 24 h x 0.601, CF = 129,912 MWh (a high CF means favorable offshore winds), on Jan. 7, 2018.

 

That wind electricity would have been at least 2 to 2.5 times the cost of gas, on and “all-in” basis. See URL and Appendix

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

 

The turnkey capital cost of the RE-folk “success” would have been $36 to $40 BILLION, including grid expansion/augmentation. 
More of such RE-folk “successes”, and we would all be in the poorhouse!!

 

NOTE: If the 9,000 MW of offshore wind turbines would have had less favorable winds, the wind electricity production might have been 60,000 MWh, instead of 129,912 MWh, on Jan. 7, 2018.

Gas plants would have had to come to the rescue to reliably fill in the wind shortfall, if there had been sufficient oil or gas.

 

NOTE: If, per wishes of RE folks, gas plants had been shut down, and oil and gas storage systems had been empty, 100% black-outs would have been required to avoid shutting down the entire NE system.

BTW, using battery systems to provide 69,912 MWh shortfall to the grid would cost at least 69,912 x 1,000 x 1/0.8, use factor x $700/kWh = $61.1 BILLION, if the batteries would be discharging from 90% full to 10% full, which is allowed on rare occasions.

 

These URLs provide examples of similar wind/solar lull conditions in Germany and New England

 

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/analysis-of-a-6-day-lu...

http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/wind-plus-solar-plus-st...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/wind-and-solar-energy-...

This image shows the normal level of electricity generation with oil, and the greatly increased level, during the cold spell from Dec. 26 to Jan. 9;

Generation with oil was about 129,912 MWh, about 30.1% of the system load, on Jan. 7.

The normal oil contribution is almost invisible.

Also shown is the daily temperatures, degrees F, which were below 10 F for 8 days, followed by a second cold spell that also required increased electricity generation with oil.

This image shows the normal level of electricity generation with gas, and the greatly decreased level, during the cold spell from Dec. 26 to Jan. 9

The gas was diverted to building heating. Electricity generation with oil was highly essential, as otherwise the building heating systems would have been inoperable.

This image shows a decrease of net imports from Canada and New York, likely because these states needed the electricity for their own users during the cold spell.

APPENDIX 1

HIGH COSTS OF WIND, SOLAR, AND BATTERY SYSTEMS IN US NORTHEAST

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

 

BATTERY SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS, ENERGY LOSSES, AND AGING

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/battery-system-capital... 

 

PUMPED STORAGE HYDRO PLANTS IN NEW ENGLAND, IF 100% WIND AND SOLAR

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/pumped-storage-hydro-p...

APPENDIX 2

 

Battery Systems for 1) Arbitrage, 2) Midday Solar Surge and 3) Utility Peak Shaving

 

Arbitrage mode relates to charging at night, when rates are low, and discharging during peak demand hours, when rates are high

Midday solar mode relates to reducing the daily midday solar surge to avoid destabilizing the grid

Utility peak shaving mode relates to reducing a utility’s peak demand to lessen ISO-NE transmission charges and forward capacity charges.

 

The owning and operating cost of a house includes the cost of the mortgage and various other costs, such as heating, cooling, electricity, taxes, upkeep/repairs, etc.

 

The owning and operating cost of a battery system is similar to that of a house, except:

1) A house likely would have a greater value in year 15, than in year 1; the battery system would have minimal financial value.

2) The energy efficiency of a house likely would not degrade with age, compared to a battery system.

 

Turnkey Capital Cost: The turnkey capital cost of New England battery systems, in 2021, would be about $700/kWh, delivered as AC to a high voltage grid.

 

This cost does not include 1) disposal costs of the batteries, and 2) owning and operating costs

Much of each battery system would need to be replaced every 15 years.

Battery systems would be used year-round, i.e., 8,766 h/y. See URL and Appendix

https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2019/07/f65/Storage%20Co...

   

Analysis: This analysis is for three alternatives: 

 

Alt. No. 1: 100% borrowed from a bank; the amortizing of the capital cost was at 3.5%/y for 15 years.

Alt. No. 2: 100% investor money; the amortizing of the capital cost was at 9%/y for 15 years.

Alt. No. 3: 50% borrowed from a bank and 50% investor money, which is a more likely condition.

 

The calculations in table 2 assumed:

 

- A battery system able to deliver 1 MW of power for 4 hours, i.e., a rating of 1 MW/4 MWh

- Battery normal operation from 15% full to 80% full, to achieve a 15-y life.

- Battery real-world annual capacity factor at 50%

- Daily charging at:

70% from the grid at night, at 3.5, wholesale +1.6, ISO-NE charge = 5.1 c/kWh; the all-in wholesale cost. 

30% from mid-day solar, at 19.84 + 1.6 = 21.44 c/kWh; the all-in cost of solar. 

- Rate during peak demand is 8 c/kWh

- System efficiency 80%, A-to-Z basis. See Appendix 

- No battery system aging/degradation at about 1.5%/y, compounded

- No State and federal subsidies, such as 1) tax savings due to depreciation and loan interest deductions; 2) cash grants; 3) tax credits; 4) waving of various state and local taxes, fees and surcharges, etc., which politically shifts the cost of solar to other entities, to make solar electricity appear less costly, and to enable an owner to sell his solar production at a politically palatable cost of about 11.0 c/kWh, instead of an expensive-looking cost of about 17.74 c/kWh. 

 

NOTE: In the real world, the battery owning and operating cost/kWh would be reduced by various subsidies.

However, no cost ever disappears, per Economics 101

Costs are merely shifted to ratepayers, taxpayers, and added to government debts

 

http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cost-shifting-is-the-na...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

 

The analysis shows the cost of using battery systems to reduce the midday solar surge would be far greater than the gains of arbitrage. 

BTW, the cost of the solar surge reduction would not be charged to solar system owners.

 

RNS and FCM Charge Reduction

 

If a utility would have an average peak demand of 800 MW, a 1 MW/4 MWh battery system could reduce the demand by 800 kW (battery discharging from 90% full to 10% full), and thus reduce the RNS and FCM charges imposed on utilities by ISO-NE. The potential savings from peak shaving are estimated below.

 

RNS

2020 RNS forecast = $129.26/kW-yr /12 = $10.77/kW-month. See page 7 of URL

If a utility could capture 800 kW during the peak hour of a month, the savings would be 800 x 10.77 x 12 = $103,408

https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2021/07/a03_tc_2021_...

 

FCM

2020 FCM forecast = $5.30/kW-month. See URL

If GMP could capture 800 kW during the yearly peak hour, the savings would be 800 kW x $5.30 x 12 = $50,880
This value multiplied by the reserve margin of 1.2, yields $61,056

https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2020/02/20200218_pr_...

 

Total savings = $164,464

 

Regional network services, RNS, are based on the utility peak demand occurring during a month

Forward capacity market, FCM, are based on the utility peak demand occurring during a year.

 

What about all the other costs?

 

Any additional battery costs, due to the costs of: 1) system aging/degradation at about 1.5%/y, 2) power electronics, 3) thermal management, 4) HVAC of enclosures, 5) control and monitoring, 6) staffing, 7) miscellaneous items, such as site protection, lighting, insurance, taxes, etc., likely would be in excess of the net gain of $58,972 (on a $2.8 million investment), i.e., the battery system would operate at a loss. See table 2

 

Table 2/Alternative	No. 1	No. 2	No. 3
Conditions	Normal	Normal	Normal
Financing	100%	100%	50%/50%
Amortizing at	3.5%/y	9%/y	3.5%/9.0%
	15y life	15y life	15y life
Battery rated output, kWh @ 4 h	4000	4000	4000
Battery cost, $/kWh as AC	700	700	700
Turnkey capital cost, $	2800000	2800000	2800000
Amortizing cost, $/y	60050	85198	72624
Operating range, %	50	50	50
Cycle per day	1	1	1
Daily output, kWh/d	2000	2000	2000
Efficiency, HV to HV, %	80	80	80
Daily input, kWh/d	2500	2500	2500
Annual output, kWh/y	730000	730000	730000
Amortizing cost, $/kWh	0.0823	0.1167	0.0995
.
Charging from grid, $/kWh	0.051	0.051	0.051
Grid proportion	0.7	0.7	0.7
Grid cost, $/kWh	0.0357	0.0357	0.0357
Grid cost, $/d	89.25	89.25	89.25
.
Charging from solar, $/kWh	0.2144	0.2144	0.2144
Solar proportion	0.3	0.3	0.3
Solar cost, $/kWh	0.06432	0.06432	0.06432
Solar cost, $/d	160.8	160.8	160.8
.
Total charging cost, $/d	250.05	250.05	250.05
Peak rate, c/kWh	8	8	8
Total revenue, $/d	160.00	160.00	160.00
Loss, $/d	90.05	90.05	90.05
Loss, $/y	32868	32868	32868
Total loss, $/y			105492
RNS + FCM gain, $/y			164464
Net gain, $/y			58972

APPENDIX 3

 

European Companies Building Offshore Wind Systems

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

 

Almost the entire physical supply of US East Coast offshore wind systems would be by European companies, because they have the required expertise and the domestic onshore and seagoing facilities, due to building at least 25,014 MW (end 2020) of offshore turbine systems, during the past 35 years.

 

Those companies would hire qualified US labor, as needed. 
Those companies would build US facilities, as needed. 
Those companies would not be interested in training a potential competitor.

 

The EU vs the US

 

The US, with a low-cost, self-sufficient, energy sector would attract European, Korean, Japanese, etc., energy-intensive, heavy-industry and industrial product production to the US.

 

Europe is interested to make sure the US has a high-cost electrical sector, with lots of high-priced wind and solar and batteries, to handicap the US, and to enhance its competitiveness vs the US.

 

The UN is helping out by urging the US to expensively reduce its CO2 by 50% by 2030, which is not possible. See URL.

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/04/21/the-latest-co2-fantasy/

 

- Europe desperately needs more low-cost gas from Russia to remain competitive on world markets

- Europe has to build out wind and solar to limit energy imports from unstable countries; the US does not need to.

 

APPENDIX 4

 

NE Utilities Doing Grid Load Shaping with EVs

 

If an EV originally drew 100 kWh AC from a wall outlet, about 85.0 kWh DC would end up in the EV battery, and about 1.5 kWh DC would have been sent to the EV’s 12 V battery to power various auxiliary systems during charging, for a net of 83.5 kWh DC in the EV battery.

 

A utility drawing electricity from the EV battery, such as during peak demands, as part of Grid Load Shaping, would cause a loss of about 10%, due to: 1) battery discharge losses, 2) converting the DC to synchronous AC, and 3) feeding the AC into distribution grids via a step-up transformer.

 

If 100 kWh AC were originally drawn from the grid, about 75.2 kWh AC would be returned to the grid, for a loss of 24.9%. See table 3

 

Would the EV owner be properly compensated by the utility, including additional wear and tear of the EV battery? See URL

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/poor-economics-of-elec...

 

Table 3/From outlet	kWh AC	100.0
Charging loss	%	15.0
In EV battery	kWh DC	85.0
To 12 V battery during charging	kWh DC	1.5
Net in EV battery	kWh DC	83.5
Discharge loss	%	10.0
To grid	kWh AC	75.2
AC to AC loss	%	24.9

APPENDIX 5

 

European Offshore Wind

 

Denmark installed the first offshore wind system in 1983; Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, etc., followed.

National grids were connected with high-voltage DC lines.

The wind turbines feed to the national grids.

Wind turbine output is curtailed, during high winds, as needed.

 

EU companies have the required expertise and the domestic onshore facilities and seagoing facilities, due to building at least 25,014 MW (end 2020) of offshore systems, during the past 39 years.

Currently, EU companies have capacity to install 8 to 10 MW, offshore wind turbines, at a rate of about 1,500 MW/y

 

Massachusetts, Connecticut

 

It took several years for Massachusetts and Connecticut to sign contracts with EU/US wind consortia for about 1,000 MW of NE offshore wind systems

Almost all of the NE offshore wind systems would be supplied and installed by European companies, during the next 20 years. 

 

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/having-fun-watching-wi...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

 

Maine

 

Maine is moving forward with an Aqua Ventus demonstration project consisting of two 6 MW

The two floating wind turbines, provided and installed by Mitsubishi, will have support structures designed by the Advanced Structures and Composites Center, at the University of Maine.

 

Unlike conventional offshore wind turbines, which are supported by pedestals moored on the ocean floor at depths up to about 200 feet, the support structures of floating wind turbines are attached to cables anchored to the seabed. They are seen as a possible solution to building wind systems in the deep waters off Maine and California.

 

However, that approach would be much more expensive per MW, than normal offshore wind systems, and would require major extension/augmentation of the NE grid.

 

At present, there are no major wind companies with any floating wind turbine experience, other than minor experience by Norway having a small demonstration system off the coast of Scotland.

http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/deep-water-floating-off...

APPENDIX 6

 

“All-in” Electricity Cost of Wind and Solar in New England

 

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/high-costs-of-wind-sol...

http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cost-shifting-is-the-na...

 

Pro RE folks point to the “price paid to owner” as the cost of wind and solar, purposely ignoring the other cost categories. The all-in cost of wind and solar, c/kWh, includes:

 

1) Above-market-price paid to Owners 

2) Subsidies paid to Owners

3) Owner return on invested capital at about 9%/y

4) Grid extension/augmentation

5) Grid support services

6) Future battery systems

 

Comments on table 4

   

- Vermont legacy Standard Offer solar systems had greater subsidies paid to owner, than newer systems

- Wind prices paid to owner did not have the drastic reductions as solar prices.

- Vermont utilities are paid about 3.5 c/kWh for various costs they incur regarding net-metered solar systems

- "Added to rate base" is the cost wind and solar are added to the utility rate base, used to set electric rates.

- “Total cost”, including subsidies to owner and grid support, is the cost at which wind/solar are added to the utility rate base

- “NE utility cost” is the annual average cost of purchased electricity, about 6 c/kWh, plus NE grid operator charges, about 1.6 c/kWh

for a total of 7.6 c/kWh.

- “Grid support costs” would increase with increased use of battery systems to counteract the variability and intermittency of increased build-outs of wind and solar systems.

 

NOTES:

1) NE wholesale grid price averaged about 5 c/kWh, starting in 2009, due to low-cost CCGT and nuclear plants providing at least 65% of all electricity loaded onto the NE grid, in 2019.

 

https://www.iso-ne.com/about/key-stats/resource-mix/

https://nepool.com/uploads/NPC_20200305_Composite4.pdf

2) There are Owning costs, and Operating and Maintenance costs, of the NE grid

ISO-NE charges these costs to utilities at about 1.6 c/kWh. The ISO-NE charges include: 

 
Regional network services, RNS, based on the utility peak demand occurring during a month

Forward capacity market, FCM, based on the utility peak demand occurring during a year.

 

Table 4/VT & NE sources	Paid to	Subsidy	Grid	GMP	Added	ISO-NE	Total	NE	Times
		paid to	support		to rate	RNS+		utility
	owner	towner	cost	adder	base	FCM	cost	cost
	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh	c/kWh
Solar, rooftop, net-metered, new	17.4	5.2	2.1	3.5	20.9	1.6	29.8	7.6	3.92
Solar, rooftop, net-metered, legacy	18.2	5.4	2.1	3.5	21.7	1.6	30.8	7.6	4.05
Solar, standard offer, combo	11.0	6.74	2.1		11.0	1.6	21.44	7.6	2.82
Solar, standard offer, legacy	21.7	10.5	2.1		21.7	1.6	35.9	7.6	4.72
Wind, ridge line, new	8.5	3.9	2.4		8.5	1.6	16.4	7.6	2.15
Wind, offshore, new	9.0	4.1	2.4		9.0	1.6	17.1	7.6	2.25

 

Sample calculation; NE utility cost = 6, Purchased + 1.6, (RNS + FCM) = 7.6 c/kWh

Sample calculation; added to utility base = 17.4 + 3.5 = 20.9 c/kWh

Sample calculation; total cost = 17.4 + 5.2 + 2.1 + 3.5 + 1.6 = 29.8 c/kWh

 

Excludes costs for very expensive battery systems

Excludes costs for very expensive floating, offshore wind systems

Excludes cost for dealing with shortfalls during multi-day wind/solar lulls. See URL

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/wind-and-solar-provide...

 

“Added to rate base” is for recent 20-y electricity supply contracts awarded by competitive bidding in NE.

“Added to rate base” would be much higher without subsidies and cost shifting.

Areas with better wind and solar conditions, and lower construction costs/MW have lower c/MWh, than NE

 

US regions with good wind and solar conditions, and low construction costs/kW, produce at low c/kWh.

NE has poor wind conditions, except on pristine ridge lines, and the poorest solar conditions in the US, except the rainy, Seattle area.

NE has highest on-shore construction costs/kW ($2,400/kW in 2020), produces at high c/kWh

See page 39 of URL

https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/Land-Based%20Win...

APPENDIX 7

 

Eastern US has Major Heat Islands

 

Many temperature measurement stations are in those heat island areas.
They all read high temperatures, which ups the average for the whole world.
China, India, Japan, etc., have very large heat island areas

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/12/19/as-the-mercury-rises-the-urb...

 

The US population increased from 23 million in 1850 to 329.5 million in 2020, 14.3 times

The US energy consumption increased from 2.3 quad in 1850 to 100 quad in 2020, 43.5 times

The energy consumption per capita increased about 3 times from 1850 to 2020

 

The combination of deforestation and urbanization increased the average temperature of the Eastern US, especially in urban areas.

This increase is independent from any increase due to CO2.

In 1850, the US population was about 23 million, and energy consumption was 0.2 quads of coal and 2.1 quads of wood

In 2020, the US population was about 329.5 million, and energy consumption was about 93 quads, of which 79%, oil/gas/coal, and 21% non-fossil; it was down from 100 quads due to COVID, in 2019

 

https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=10

https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=48576

APPENDIX 8

 

These URLs are for your information

 

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/net-zero-policies-taki...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/when-the-costs-hit-hom...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/playing-russian-roulet...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/everything-in-the-1-2-...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cop26-caves-on-coal-ph...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/e-vehicle-woes-german-...

https://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/fuzzy-math-democrats-d...