The Block Island Wind Farm, after many years of dithering, became operational in late 2016. It is located 3.8 miles east of Block Island, Rhode Island. It has five wind turbines, each with a capacity of 6 megawatt. Each turbine is about 589 feet tall.
The annual wind electricity production would be about 105,000 MWh/y, if the capacity factor were 0.40.
The estimated useful service life would be about 20 years, based on about 20 years of European offshore experience.
Project turnkey cost was about $290 million, or $9.67 million/MW, which at least 2 times higher than North Sea pricing.
Quick Estimate of Electricity Cost
If the major costs of 25-year financing, a return on investment, operation and maintenance, replacements, insurance, and property taxes were ignored, the cost of electricity production, just to return the capital, would be about $290 million/(20 y x 105,000 MWh/y) = 13.8 cents per kilowatt-hour.
If these costs were not ignored, the cost of electricity would be at least 20 c/kWh. That would be about the price charged to utilities under a long-term power purchase agreement, PPA. This electricity would be variable and intermittent, i.e., no wind, no electricity.
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/the-reality-of-wind-ene...
Other generators, likely gas-fired, would be required to provide supplementary electricity, on a year-round basis, i.e., perform the peaking, filling-in and balancing, which reduces their efficient operation. This inefficiency increases as more wind electricity is added to the grid. See URL for more info.
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/fuel-and-co2-reductions...
Offshore Supply and Installation Mostly by Foreign Companies
Factors affecting the capital cost are; 1) the manufacturing and shipping of turbine parts from Europe to the US, and 2) the specialized ships and cranes required to travel from Europa and back to install the turbines. German, French and Norwegian contractors mostly own that specialized and very expensive equipment. See “From Creditor Nation to Debtor Nation” in this URL.
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cop-21-world-renewable-...
Negotiated Offshore Electricity Cost:
The negotiated Block Island Wind PPA calls for 24.4 c/kWh the first year, increasing at 3.5% per year for 20 years, or 48.6 c/kWh, in the 20th year. This absurdly expensive electricity gets averaged onto the utility’s contracted electricity mix.
The negotiated Cape Wind PPA calls for 18.7 c/kWh the first year, increasing at 3.5% per year for 20 years, or 37.2 c/kWh, in the 20th year.
Generous Federal and State Subsidies
These high costs exist despite about 30% of the capital cost (0.3 x 290 = $87 million) being a federal ITC, an upfront, cash giftto owners, plus state ITC subsidies, plus rapid asset depreciation (5 years) to reduce owner federal and state income taxes. Typically, the cash gifts are used to offset any federal and state taxes due on the profits of other business activities. It looks like owners are “earning” an extremely high return on their investment at the expense of other ratepayers and taxpayers. See URL.
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/vermont-speed-renewable...
New England Wholesale Electricity Prices: New England wholesale prices have averaged about 5 c/kWh for steady, 24/7/365 electricity since about 2008, primarily due to:
1) Natural gas electricity; 50% of NE generation; low-cost (5 c/kWh), low-CO2 emitting, no particulates, domestic fuel.
2) Nuclear electricity; 26% of NE generation; low-cost (5 c/kWh), minimal-CO2 emitting, no particulates, domestic fuel.
3) NE hydro electricity; 8.4% of generation, low-cost (5 c/kWh), minimal-CO2 emitting, no particulates, domestic.
4) Tie line electricity; 16.7% of NE grid load; low-cost (5.7 c/kWh), minimal-CO2 emitting, no particulates, imported.
Auctioned Electricity Cost in the UK
Thenegotiatedprices of Block Island and Cape Wind are 2 to 3 times the auctionedpricing in the North Sea, off the coasts of the UK, Germany and the Netherlands.
Competitive auctions for large projects in the North Sea (very good winds, high capacity factors) significantly decreased electricity prices in the last few years. The Hornsea 1 project was auctioned in 2014. Three other projects were auctioned in 2017. The Triton Knoll project will use 90 Vestas V164-9.5 MW wind turbines. If the wholesale electricity were L45/MWh, the owner would be paid L57.50, a “subsidy” of L12.50. The more expensive electricity would become part of the cost of the UK electricity mix, and electric rates would be adjusted upwards to recover the excess paid over wholesale. See table.
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/low-uk-offshore-wind-p...
http://www.theenergycollective.com/aee/2413156/energy-news-jaw-drop...
NOTE:The scope of cabling to shore for the Hornsea 2 project (See below table.) could consist of:
1) AC lines from each turbine to an offshore HVDC station (usually by wind turbine owner).
2) An offshore HVDC station, which is big and expensive.See URL. http://www.offshorewindindustry.com/sites/default/files/field/image...
3) HVDC line to an onshore HVDC station.
4) An onshore HVDC station.
5) HVAC lines to connect at one or more points to the HVAC grid.
6) Significant grid reinforcement. Hornsea 2 is 1386 MW, i.e., very significant grid reinforcement would be required.
The A to Z loss from wind turbine to onshore grid is at least 3%, including AC to DC conversion (1%) and DC to AC conversion (1%); the owner usually reports the wind turbine project output at the inlet of item 2 for billing purposes. The 3% loss is charged by utilities to ratepayers.
The capital cost of the scope would add at least 20 L/MWh (3 c/kWh) to the values in below table. The total, electricity plus transmission, compares with annual average wholesale electricity prices of about 5 c/kWh. The 3 c/kWh likely would be “socialized” by means of taxes, fees and surcharges on household and commercial/industrial electric bills.
The wind turbine systems, likely using 8 to 10 MW wind turbines, which are more efficient and have higher capacity factors, would be operational about 2021 - 2023.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/business/energy-environment/offs...
NOTE:A study of the connection and grid reinforcement for 4 offshore wind plants (less than 12.5 miles from shore) determined a capital cost of L 1.271 billion for 1.845 MW, about L 0.689 million/MW, or about $1.11 million/MW, at $1 = L 0.6192. Offshore capital cost likely would be about $4 million/MW, without connection, about $5.11 million/MW, with connection. Based on 2012 pricing. If 50 or more miles from shore, the capital cost would be higher. See URL.
http://www.reuters.com/article/column-wynn-wind-costs/column-connec...
NOTE: Regarding traditional onshore power plants, the loss from turbine-generator output, via transformers, to the plant border takes place on the plant site, and becomes part of the overall plant efficiency = Electricity fed to grid / Primary energy fed to plant. The owner reports the plant output at the plant border.
NOTE: Cape Wind, started in 2001, 468 MW, $2.6 billion, $5550/kW, south of Nantucket, highly visible to many multi-millionaires summering on the Island, has been cancelled as of 1 December 2017.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-01/cape-wind-develo...
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cape-wind-cancelled-as-...
Contractor
|
Name
|
Capacity
|
|
Strike Price
|
|
Online
|
|
|
MW
|
|
L/MWh
|
$/MWh
|
Year
|
Dong
|
Hornsea 1
|
1218
|
Siemens-7.0-154
|
140.00
|
185.83
|
2017 - 2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dong
|
Hornsea 2
|
1386
|
Not decided
|
57.50
|
76.34
|
2022 - 2023
|
EDPR/Engie
|
Moray
|
1866
|
Not decided
|
57.50
|
76.34
|
2022 - 2023
|
Innogy/Statkraft
|
Triton Knoll
|
860
|
Vestas-9.5-164
|
74.75
|
99.22
|
2021 - 2022
|
European Advantages Versus the US
Unlike the US, Europe already has all the infrastructures, built up over 15 years, to build at least 2000 MW/y of offshore wind turbine systems. It would be enormously costly for the US to duplicate that on the US northeast coast within 5 or 10 years.
That means the US likely would have to partially rely on European companies to finance, build, own, and operate US offshore wind turbines. Those same companies are already doing that regarding at least 50% of US onshore wind turbines.
That would certainly be significantly more expensive regarding capital and energy cost, than the huge offshore wind turbines, built near existing infrastructures, and destined for very windy areas in the North Sea near the coasts of the UK, Germany and Denmark.
US Wind Turbine Imports and Exports
Because of the late start of the US wind turbine industry compared to Europe, etc., the US imports of onshore wind turbine components have been building up and US exports have remained near zero over the years; US imports were about $2.2 billion (mostly the more complex items within the nacelle) and US exports were near zero in 2016.
This likely will be the case regarding future US offshore wind turbines. Once in a straight-jacket, or checkmated, it is very hard to get out of it, as no help from trading “partners” will be given. They have dug their tunnel to the vault and do not want the vault moved.
https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/08/f35/2016 Wind Technolog...
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/cop-21-world-renewable-...
The Reality of Wind Electricity in New England
This article further explains the realities of the environmental destruction and cost of onshore and offshore wind electricity in New England.
http://www.windtaskforce.org/profiles/blogs/the-reality-of-wind-ene...
Exploiting Fear of Climate Change Benefits Multi-Millionaire Owners
The wind turbine power plant is owned by Deepwater Wind LLC, a part of the D. E. Shaw Group, a global investment and technology firm with $38 billion of invested capital as of July 1, 2016. Multi-millionaires, with lucrative, risk-free, tax shelters, put up the capital and expect high, mostly tax-free returns.
Wall Street financial services providers saw a huge opportunity for tax shelter business. So they told Congress exactly what laws to pass to make happen wind and solar, etc.. The US public was subjected to a media blitz the world was burning up and coming to an end.
The US Congress, under pressure of Wall Street, passed tax laws favorable to wind and solar, etc., to enable tax-free returns possible.
Various government agencies performed “studies” with dire climate change predictions, and/or gave grants to “independent” entities to make studies with similar predictions, to convince the public the end of the world would be near, unless….
Publications, such as the business- friendly New York Times and Wall Street Journal, published mostly favorable articles about wind and solar. The public was told all was done to save the world.
NOTE:Warren Buffett, considered one of the outstanding investors of all-time, has stated: “On wind energy, we get a tax credit if we build a lot of wind farms. That’s the only reason to build them. They don’t make sense without the tax credit”. Buffett has investments in multiple wind sites, as do many other multi-billion dollar entities. Buffett and his cohorts hire tax accountants/lawyers to refine the subsidy-milking art form, as well as PR pros and RE lobbyists to continually increase the milking, via higher RPS targets and renewed subsidy periods.
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